{"id":20655,"date":"2025-06-17T09:23:08","date_gmt":"2025-06-17T13:23:08","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.andrewlawler.com\/?p=20655"},"modified":"2025-06-17T09:25:03","modified_gmt":"2025-06-17T13:25:03","slug":"why-george-washington-integrated-the-army","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.andrewlawler.com\/content\/why-george-washington-integrated-the-army\/","title":{"rendered":"Why George Washington Integrated the Army"},"content":{"rendered":"

 <\/p>\n

\"\"<\/a><\/p>\n

Andrew Lawler
\nJune 16, 2025<\/p>\n

The commander-in-chief initially barred black soldiers from joining the ranks, but he came to understand the value\u2014both moral and strategic\u2014of a diverse force.<\/h3>\n

 <\/p>\n

WHEN GEORGE WASHINGTON FORMALLY\u00a0accepted his appointment<\/a>\u00a0as commander-in-chief of the newly created Continental Army on June 16, 1775\u2014250 years ago today\u2014he\u00a0was\u00a0the army. No other officers had been commissioned, the new troops that Congress had called up had not yet been assembled, and the thousands of militiamen already fighting in Massachusetts wouldn\u2019t know they had been joined to a continental effort until their new leader presented himself. The freshly minted general had an unprecedented opportunity to shape an entirely new fighting force.<\/p>\n

As members of the U.S. Army and the other military services marched past President Donald Trump\u2019s viewing stand on Saturday, I wondered what George Washington would have thought of what has since become the world\u2019s\u00a0most diverse military organization<\/a>, one that closely mirrors the makeup of the people they are sworn to protect.<\/p>\n

One in five soldiers serving in the U.S. Army is African American; nearly as many are Hispanic. More than 10 percent label themselves as being of either Native American, Asian or Pacific Islander, or multiracial heritage. Women make up more than 15 percent of the active-duty Army, and, while recent data are difficult to come by,\u00a0a 2015 study<\/a>\u00a0found that more than 5 percent of the Army identified as LGBT. And minorities aren\u2019t just part of the rank and file; more than a quarter of Army officers are nonwhite.<\/p>\n

Would George Washington, first commander of the force that was the predecessor of today\u2019s U.S. Army, have cheered to see such astonishing variety? The answer is complicated. It also explains much about our tortured history in deciding who can and cannot defend their country.<\/p>\n

After accepting his command, Washington spent several days in Philadelphia getting his affairs in order, not knowing that the bloodiest fight of the conflict to date\u2014the Battle of Bunker Hill\u2014would take place on June 17. Though the patriots had, in the end, been forced to yield, the British causalities had been enormous. When the general first reviewed the troops a stone\u2019s throw from Harvard College in Cambridge on July 3, 1775, more than one hundred free black soldiers were on hand to welcome their new leader. Several had fought at Bunker Hill, including\u00a0Salem Poor<\/a>, who mortally wounded a senior British officer. Fourteen of his superiors later praised Poor as a \u201cbrave and gallant soldier\u201d deserving of national recognition.<\/p>\n

The Virginia planter, however, had never been to New England, and he would have been shocked at the sight of black men in the ranks. At the time, he held some one hundred people in bondage, and his colony\u2019s laws decreed twenty lashes\u2014\u201cwell laid on\u201d\u2014for any person of color who carried a weapon. The punishment for using one against a white person was death.<\/p>\n

The general\u2019s discomfort with black soldiers overwhelmed his desperate need for troops against the massive British force in Boston, even as much of his army prepared to go home when their contracts expired at year\u2019s end. On November 12, the general forbade any black men from joining the army or re-enlisting, a decree made official policy two weeks later by the Continental Congress in Philadelphia.<\/p>\n

Then Washington made a sudden about-face that would echo down through the next two and a half centuries. In December, word arrived from Virginia that his former friend and the colony\u2019s royal governor, Lord Dunmore, had proclaimed freedom to any patriot-owned person who would fight for King George III. Hundreds, and perhaps thousands, were said to be flocking to his banner to join what was called the Ethiopian Regiment. Within days of learning this alarming news, Washington reversed himself.<\/p>\n

\u201cIt has been represented to me that the free negroes who have Served in this Army, are very much dissatisfied at being discarded,\u201d he\u00a0explained<\/a>\u00a0to John Hancock on New Year\u2019s Eve. Rather than push them to join the enemy, he decided to allow black men to continue their service. Congress immediately backed that change of policy, ordering on January 16 \u201cthat the free Negroes, who have served faithfully in the army at Cambridge, may be re-enlisted therein, but no others.\u201d<\/p>\n

That cemented the integration of the Continental Army. Washington came to appreciate the value of his black troops, and the following year convinced Congress to allow any free person to enlist. The general also welcomed Catholics\u2014then widely despised\u2014as well as members of the Stockbridge-Mohawk, Oneida, Tuscarora, and other indigenous tribes. The highest-ranking non-white officer was\u00a0Akiatonharonkwen<\/a>, also known as Louis Cook, the son of a black man and Abenaki mother. Enslaved people, however, remained largely excluded, though Rhode Island in 1778 freed those in bondage who joined the war effort; many fought in the First Rhode Island Regiment until the last major battle at Yorktown.<\/p>\n

By war\u2019s end, some 10,000 black and Indians troops had fought to secure independence, and Washington\u2019s army was the most integrated U.S. force until the Korean War.<\/p>\n

For the next eight decades, however, people of color were shut out of army service. The\u00a0Confiscation Act<\/a>\u00a0of 1862 and President Lincoln\u2019s more famous Emancipation Proclamation of 1863 gave the struggling Union both a moral compass as well as thousands of black troops, while Indians began to serve as official scouts three years later. Only in 1948 did President Truman mandate an integrated military.<\/p>\n

Donald Trump, by contrast, has sought to exclude people\u2014specifically, transgender people, many of whom have served with distinction and achieved high rank\u2014from the U.S. armed forces. He and Defense Secretary Pete Hegseth harshly criticize attempts to ensure diversity in the military, arguing that it\u2019s a distraction, and that it makes us soft and vulnerable. George Washington knew better. He learned the hard way that ensuring an armed force that reflects America is not simply the right thing do to do. It is also a vital pursuit to maintain our national security.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

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