{"id":4924,"date":"2020-07-02T14:45:24","date_gmt":"2020-07-02T18:45:24","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.andrewlawler.com\/?p=4924"},"modified":"2024-12-21T12:07:52","modified_gmt":"2024-12-21T17:07:52","slug":"the-chicken-first-crossed-the-road-in-southeast-asia-landmark-gene-study-finds","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.andrewlawler.com\/content\/the-chicken-first-crossed-the-road-in-southeast-asia-landmark-gene-study-finds\/","title":{"rendered":"The chicken first crossed the road in Southeast Asia, \u2018landmark\u2019 gene study finds"},"content":{"rendered":"
\"\"<\/a>

The red jungle fowl’s exotic plumage\u2014and fierce fights among cocks\u2014may have helped make the bird attractive to the early farmers who domesticated it. DAVID IRVING<\/p><\/div>\n

It is the world\u2019s most common farm animal as well as humanity\u2019s largest single source of animal protein. Some 24 billion strong, it outnumbers all other birds by an order of magnitude. Yet for 2 centuries, biologists have struggled to explain how the chicken became the chicken.<\/p>\n

Now, the first extensive study of the bird\u2019s full genome concludes that people in northern Southeast Asia or southern China domesticated a colorful pheasant sometime after about 7500 B.C.E. Migrants and traders then carried the bird across Asia and on to every continent except Antarctica.<\/p>\n

\u201cOur results contradict previous claims that chickens were domesticated in northern China and the Indus Valley,\u201d researchers led by Ming-Shan Wang from the Chinese Academy of Sciences\u2019s Kunming Institute of Zoology write in a paper published today in\u00a0Cell Research<\/em>. They also found that the modern chicken\u2019s chief ancestor is a subspecies of red jungle fowl named\u00a0Gallus gallus spadiceus<\/em>.<\/p>\n

\u201cThis is obviously a landmark study,\u201d says Dorian Fuller, an archaeologist at University College London who was not involved in the effort. He adds that the results could shed light on the emergence of agriculture and early trade networks, and what features of the bird made it so attractive to people.<\/p>\n

Charles Darwin argued the chicken descended from the red jungle fowl because the birds resemble each other and can make fertile offspring; he speculated that domestication happened in India. But five varieties of the pheasant inhabit a broad arc extending from the jungles of Indonesia to the Himalayan foothills of Pakistan. Which variety led to the chicken, and where, was uncertain. Based on presumed chicken bones, archaeologists claimed, variously, that people domesticated the bird 9000 years ago in northern China and 4000 years ago in Pakistan.<\/p>\n

DNA studies promised to resolve the issue, but researchers had few samples from the bird\u2019s wild relatives. So Jianlin Han, a geneticist at the Joint Laboratory on Livestock and Forage Genetic Resources, embarked on a 20-year project to\u00a0sample indigenous village chickens<\/a>\u00a0and\u00a0wild jungle fowl<\/a>\u00a0near more than 120 villages across Asia and Africa.<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/a>

A subspecies of red jungle fowl (Gallus gallus spadiceus), found in northern Southeast Asia, likely led to the first domesticated chickens. X. LIU\/SCIENCE<\/p><\/div>\n

Wang\u2019s team sequenced the full genomes of 863 birds and compared them. The results suggest modern chickens descend primarily from domesticated and wild varieties in what is now Myanmar, Laos, Thailand, and southern China (see map, right). \u201cThis region is a center of domestication,\u201d says co-author and geneticist Olivier Hanotte of the University of Nottingham. The results confirm a hypothesis put forward in 1994 by Japan\u2019s Crown Prince Akishino, an ornithologist, on the basis of mitochondrial DNA data.<\/p>\n

Wang\u2019s team did find some evidence for a South Asian contribution: A jungle fowl native to the Indian subcontinent may have interbred with the chicken after its initial domestication in Southeast Asia, the team says.<\/p>\n

The new DNA data link domesticated chickens most closely to the Southeast Asian subspecies\u00a0G. g. spadiceus<\/em>, however. They suggest the lineage that became the modern chicken branched off from the jungle fowl between 12,800 and 6200 years ago, with domestication occurring sometime after the lineages split.<\/p>\n

Fuller doubts the bird was fully domesticated before the arrival of rice and millet farming in northern Southeast Asia about 4500 years ago. Hanotte acknowledges that \u201cwe need the help of archaeologists\u201d to understand the human events that triggered domestication.<\/p>\n

But Jonathan Kenoyer, an archaeologist and Indus expert at the University of Wisconsin, Madison, remains skeptical that the chicken arose in Southeast Asia. \u201cThey need to get ancient DNA\u201d to back up their claims, he says, because genomes of modern birds may provide limited clues to early events in chicken evolution.<\/p>\n

Nor does the DNA show what first enticed people to tame the bird. Early varieties were far scrawnier and produced fewer eggs than today\u2019s industrial varieties, and their predators were legion. Some researchers suggest the bird was initially prized for its exotic plumage or for cockfighting. Selling prize fighting cocks remains a lucrative business in Southeast Asia, and the birds\u2019 high value may have spurred traders to carry them long distances.<\/p>\n

Smithsonian Institution archaeozoologist Melinda Zeder calls the new paper \u201cfascinating\u201d and says it shows \u201cthe domestication and dispersal story is more complicated than we thought.\u201d She urges combining genetic and archaeological data to flesh out the tale. Archaeologists are now gathering chicken bones that suggest farmers in southern China and Southeast Asia first domesticated the bird some 3500 years ago\u2014findings that bolster the genetic work.<\/p>\n

Han\u2019s group, meanwhile, is creating a massive data set based on more than 1500 modern chicken genomes from Asia, Europe, and Africa. The researchers plan to analyze chicken dispersal into Europe and Africa, as well as the genetic variations behind traits such as the ability to withstand disease or produce more eggs. \u201cThis study opens a whole new page in chicken genomics,\u201d Han says.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

It is the world\u2019s most common farm animal as well as humanity\u2019s largest single source of animal protein.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":4926,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"nf_dc_page":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[22],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-4924","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-science-magazine"],"yoast_head":"\nThe chicken first crossed the road in Southeast Asia, \u2018landmark\u2019 gene study finds • Andrew Lawler<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"It is the world\u2019s most common farm animal as well as humanity\u2019s largest single source of animal protein.\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" 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