{"id":5842,"date":"2021-08-24T16:03:19","date_gmt":"2021-08-24T20:03:19","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.andrewlawler.com\/?p=5842"},"modified":"2024-12-21T12:07:45","modified_gmt":"2024-12-21T17:07:45","slug":"who-do-american-monuments-honor-the-most","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.andrewlawler.com\/content\/who-do-american-monuments-honor-the-most\/","title":{"rendered":"Who do American monuments honor the most?"},"content":{"rendered":"

A landmark study finally has answers.<\/h2>\n

Review of 50,000 historical monuments across the country concludes that they \u2018misrepresent our history.\u2019<\/p>\n

By Andrew Lawler
\nPhotographs by Kris Graves<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/a>

A statue of Confederate general Robert E. Lee in Richmond, Virginia, is removed on September 8, 2021. A new study reveals that wealthy white men dominate the country’s memorials.<\/p><\/div>\n

Joan of Arc is more popular than Alexander Hamilton. Saint Francis of Assisi edges out Robert E. Lee. And there are 11 times more mermaids than congresswomen. These are some of the more surprising findings of the first comprehensive survey of America\u2019s public monuments, the results of which were released today. The report\u2019s creators sifted through nearly half a million federal, state, local, tribal, and territorial records to provide a richly detailed\u2014and deeply revealing\u2014view of the nation\u2019s memorial landscape.<\/p>\n

Called the\u00a0National Monument Audit<\/a>, the study funded by the Andrew W. Mellon Foundation adds important data to the country\u2019s fraught debate over who and what should be memorialized in America\u2019s public spaces.<\/p>\n

\u201cWe started as a classroom project asking questions,\u201d said Paul Farber, a co-director of the effort. In 2012, while teaching a course on monuments and urban space at the University of Pennsylvania, he found it difficult to find hard data on the subject. \u201cThere is a common misperception that a government agency tracks all monuments\u2014when they were built and to whom they were dedicated. But there is nothing like that.\u201d<\/p>\n

Farber and his colleagues set out to obtain what he called \u201ca panoramic view\u201d that could show overarching patterns in the way Americans memorialized their past. The team counted a whopping 50,000 monuments strewn across the United States and its overseas territories.<\/p>\n

Abraham Lincoln tops the list of individuals celebrated in public monuments in the United States\u2014a total of nearly 200\u2014with George Washington a close second and Christopher Columbus a more distant third. Less predictably, Casimir Pulaski, a Polish cavalry officer in the Revolutionary War, beat out Thomas Jefferson with 51 memorials to the three dozen dedicated to the author of the Declaration of Independence.<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/a>

The Edmund Pettus Bridge in Selma, Alabama, was named for a former Confederate general, U.S. senator, and leader of the Alabama Ku Klux Klan. The bridge was also the site of the Bloody Sunday conflict on March 7, 1965 where Selma police attacked civil rights activists during their march to Montgomery.<\/p><\/div>\n

\"\"<\/a>

A police officer guards the Emancipation Memorial in Washington, D.C., during protests last summer. Protesters said the statue, which depicts President Abraham Lincoln standing over a kneeling African American man, is demeaning and should be removed.<\/p><\/div>\n

\"\"<\/a>

To commemorate a hundred years of women\u2019s suffrage in the U.S., a statue of suffragists Sojourner Truth, Susan B. Anthony, and Elizabeth Cady Stanton was dedicated last August in New York\u2019s Central Park. It is the park’s only monument to actual, rather than fictional, women.<\/p><\/div>\n

\"\"<\/a>

The Martin Luther King Jr. Memorial was erected in Washington, D.C., in 2011. The assassinated civil rights icon was the first African American to be honored with a memorial in the heart of the U.S. capital, midway between those for Presidents Thomas Jefferson and Abraham Lincoln.<\/p><\/div><\/p>\n

Among the top 50 individuals commemorated, Confederate leaders outperformed women by four to three. Half of this group of 50 owned enslaved people, and all but six of these were white men.<\/p>\n

The audit also discovered that American memorials reflect a national focus on violent events. Fully a third commemorate war. For example, while nearly 6,000 reference the Civil War, only nine mention the era of Reconstruction that followed. The study also found that memory of past violence is skewed: Not a single monument recalls any of the 34 massacres of Black Americans recorded during that tumultuous post-war period.<\/p>\n

The experience of African Americans is not the only thread of national history neglected in public spaces. The team counted nearly a thousand memorials erected after 1930 celebrating white pioneers but largely avoiding mention of the darker aspects of migration to the West, such as massacres, land grabs, and reneging on solemn treaties with Native Americans.<\/p>\n

\u201cThe story of the United States as told by our current monument landscape misrepresents our history,\u201d the report concludes. \u201cWhere inequalities and injustices exist, monuments often perpetuate them.\u201d<\/p>\n

Several historians praised the study for shedding light on a national debate that has generated a lot of heat. \u201cThe audit shows just how many Americans don’t see themselves reflected in public art,\u201d said\u00a0Erin Thompson<\/a>, a historian at John Jay College, CUNY, and author of a forthcoming book called\u00a0Smashing Statues<\/i>. \u201cMonuments are supposed to inspire us all, so what does it mean when our monuments make it seem like only wealthy white men are deserving of honor?\u201d<\/p>\n

Lexi Cleveland<\/a>, a Black public historian in Richmond, said the study\u2019s emphasis on \u201cthe need for more expansive stories resonates with me.\u201d Cleveland added that she also welcomed what she called \u201ca great body of research that will drive further dialogue.\u201d<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/a>

Visitors to the National Memorial for Peace and Justice in Montgomery, Alabama, constructed in 2018, walk beneath dangling steel monuments. Each represents one of the 800 U.S. counties where racial lynching occurred and is inscribed with the names of victims in that county.<\/p><\/div>\n

That dialogue has grown contentious\u2014and even violent\u2014in the wake of Charlottesville\u2019s white supremacist rally in 2018, centering on statues of Jefferson and Confederate leaders, that turned deadly. The debate intensified after the May 2020 death of George Floyd at the hands of Minneapolis police sparked protests and riots across the nation. The half-dozen rebel memorials on Richmond\u2019s famed Monument Avenue, for example, came down in the summer of 2020. The remaining statue, of Confederate General Robert E. Lee, was removed earlier this month after a legal case that went to the Virginia Supreme Court.<\/p>\n

Thompson estimates that some 170 monuments\u2014less than half of one percent\u2014 were dismantled in the wake of Floyd\u2019s death. More than 80 percent of those were removed as the result of decisions by municipalities, while the remainder were toppled by demonstrators. The vast majority were memorials to Confederate leaders or increasingly divisive figures like Columbus.\u00a0(See how memorials to 9\/11 help us remember and mourn.)<\/i><\/a><\/p>\n

The monument audit confirmed that 99.4 percent of American monuments remain securely on their plinths following the upheavals of the last year. It also emphasizes that monuments as a group have never been static, and that over time hundreds have been moved, altered, or taken down for a wide variety of reasons\u2014from community repugnance to road construction. \u201cWhen power shifts and values evolve, monuments are replaced,\u201d said Greg Werkheimer, a cultural heritage attorney in Richmond involved with the dismantling of Confederate statues there.<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/a>

Many recent monuments attempt to correct the imbalance in public honors by showcasing the contributions of African Americans, Native Americans, and women. This equestrian statue erected in 2019 in Richmond, Virginia, depicts a young African-American man in street clothes striking a heroic pose similar to a statue of Confederate general J.E.B. Stuart that has since been removed.<\/p><\/div>\n

S. Waite Rawls, retired head of the Museum of the Confederacy and the American Civil War Museum in Richmond, decried the removal of monuments, including one in Richmond to the soldiers and sailors of the rebel cause. \u201cThese were guys who typically got drafted, and they should be honored,\u201d he said. \u201cIt is like tearing down the Vietnam War memorial.\u201d<\/p>\n

Rawls noted that there are now more monuments to African Americans than Confederates in Richmond, pointing out that an African-American group unveiled a\u00a0statue dedicated to Black emancipation and freedom<\/a>\u00a0on September 24.<\/p>\n

The monument audit calls for more such memorials that reflect a changing nation, \u201cespecially as more locally led artist and grassroots coalitions confront toxic legacies and open up new processes for representing a fuller history in public spaces.\u201d The study is part of a larger $250 million project funded by Mellon, which the foundation says seeks to \u201ctransform the way our country\u2019s histories are told in public spaces\u201d by better reflecting \u201cthe vast, rich complexity of the American story.\u201d<\/p>\n

Since 2015, the Mellon-funded\u00a0Monument Lab<\/a>\u00a0has supported what it calls \u201cparticipatory action and artistic research\u201d in major American cities, with the goal of enhancing monument diversity. The lab intends to provide $100,000 to each of 10 teams to engage local communities in monument making; more than 200 groups have applied for the grants. Farber said the product might be a traditional monument, a walking trail, or a learning program. An exhibition of the results is planned for next summer.<\/p>\n

\u201cMy intention as an artist is to create works that honor and elevate the spirit of the community, such as mothers, land workers, immigrants, storytellers, and healers,\u201d said Michelle Angela Ortiz, an artist and activist who has completed more than 50 large-scale art works.<\/p>\n

Those seeking to enhance the nation\u2019s memorial landscape said they want federal and state funding support. But Thompson warns that governments seem to be rejecting change. \u201cAfter the protests began last summer, legislators in 18 states proposed bills increasing the criminal penalties for vandalizing a monument,\u201d she noted. \u201cMeanwhile, 13 state legislatures considered bills that would make even the official removal of monuments more difficult or outright impossible.\u201d<\/p>\n

With the audit, however, researchers, lawmakers, and the public have a clear picture by which to judge America\u2019s monumental landscape.<\/p>\n

Link to story<\/a><\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

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